Psychiatr Serv 57:1268-1270, September 2006
doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.57.9.1268
© 2006 American Psychiatric Association
Use of Project Liberty Counseling Services Over Time by Individuals in Various Risk Categories
Nancy H. Covell, Ph.D.,
Sheila A. Donahue, M.A.,
George Allen, Ph.D.,
M. Jameson Foster, M.S.,
Chip J. Felton, M.S.W. and
Susan M. Essock, Ph.D.
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVE: The authors examined temporal changes in the rates at which people sought access to Project Liberty services after the attacks of September 11, 2001, according to risk category (family of missing or deceased, persons directly affected, uniformed personnel, other rescue or recovery workers, schoolchildren, displaced employed and unemployed workers, persons with disabilities, and the general population). METHODS: First visits to individual counseling services, as determined from logs of 465,428 service encounters, were proportioned among risk categories and plotted across 27 months. RESULTS: Individuals who lost family members accounted for 40 percent of visits in the first month but dropped to 5 percent or fewer visits by five months. Uniformed personnel used disproportionately larger percentages of services after the first year. Occupationally displaced and unemployed workers sought counseling at relatively steady rates. CONCLUSIONS: Postdisaster counseling should be made available for extended periods, with shifting emphases to meet the changing needs of high-risk groups.
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Introduction
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The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center resulted in widespread traumatic stress and psychiatric symptoms (1). In response to these attacks, the New York State Office of Mental Health rapidly created a large-scale public health intervention, Project Liberty, that offered short-term crisis counseling, psychoeducational interventions, and triage referral to residents of the greater New York City metropolitan area (2). Free, anonymous brief counseling was available for more than two years after the attacks. The project provided face-to-face disaster-related services through outreach in community settings, such as homes, businesses, and schools. Providers were required to complete logs of service encounters indicating demographic information about recipients, date and location of service, and up to 16 risk categories that identified certain groups (for example, family of missing or deceased, persons who had been physically injured, and uniformed and rescue personnel) who were likely to be at especially high risk of experiencing impairment, most notably posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3,4) and depression (5).
Little is known about the timing of entry into counseling by members of such high-risk groups (6). This study examined the timing of entry into service for different risk groups by determining the dates on which individuals in various risk groups first accessed Project Liberty's individual counseling services for 27 months after the attacks.
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Methods
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Logs of service encounters from the 177 community-based Project Liberty programs that operated through December 31, 2003, recorded a total of 753,015 service encounters (687,848 individual, 37,232 group, and 27,935 public education) that were processed as a data extract dated May 7, 2004. During these visits, counselors coded service recipients into one or more of 16 risk categories, combined into eight clusters: family of missing or deceased; persons directly affected (that is, injured in the attacks, had a home with major damage, evacuated the World Trade Center, evacuated school, or worked at the World Trade Center but was absent on September 11, 2001); uniformed personnel (that is, firefighters, police, and Port Authority police); other rescue or recovery workers; schoolchildren; displaced employed and unemployed workers; persons with disabilities (that is, past or pre-existing trauma, psychological or substance abuse problems, or physical disability that limits mobility); and the general population.
To avoid having individual entries duplicated, categories were arranged hierarchically, as described above. Each service recipient was categorized as belonging to the first applicable category—for example, if an individual had both lost a friend or family member and was a rescue worker, he or she would be placed in the "family of missing or deceased" category and not the "other rescue or recovery workers" category. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institutional Review Board found this secondary analysis of anonymous data to be exempt.
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Results
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Figure 1 shows data from all 465,428 service logs for individual counseling coded as first visits and plots the proportional use of first-time Project Liberty counseling visits by members of each risk category relative to other categories for 27 months after the World Trade Center attacks. Overlap between uniformed personnel and other rescue or recovery workers was also examined.
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Figure 1. Proportion of first-time Project Liberty counseling visits after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, by risk categorya
a Individual first visits totaled 465,428 of 687,848 total individual visits (68 percent) through 27 months.
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Across 27 months, just a little over half (244,515 of 465,428 persons, or 53 percent) of service logs for first visits were for individuals in one of the first seven risk groups. The proportion of individuals in one of the first seven risk groups as compared to the general population was curvilinear, such that members of one of the first seven risk groups accounted for between 60 and 76 percent of all first visits during the first four months, then dropped to about 40 percent until 15 months, when the proportion climbed to nearly 90 percent in the 24th to 27th month.
Within this overall pattern, three outcomes are noteworthy. First, brief counseling for persons who lost family members or friends was proportionally large initially, accounting for more than 40 percent of the first visits in the month immediately after the World Trade Center attacks, but the rate declined dramatically after that point (5 percent or less after month 5). Second, a major proportional increase in counseling occurred for uniformed personnel, from about 3 percent of first visits in the first 12-month period to about 14 percent in the second 12-month period, with an even more dramatic increase to about 42 percent occurring during months 25 to 27. Only a small percentage of uniformed personnel were also coded as "other rescue or recovery workers": 4 percent (346 of 8,979 persons) of fire personnel, 2 percent (721 of 32,209 persons) of police officers, and 12 percent (87 of 702 persons) of Port Authority police. Third, the proportion of displaced employed and unemployed workers with first visits was both substantial (about 11 percent across 27 months) and quite consistent (ranging from 8 to 19 percent) throughout the 27-month period.
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Discussion
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The anonymity of respondents made it impossible to link first and subsequent counseling visits, which represents a limitation of this investigation. Analysis of first-time counseling is nonetheless instructive in that it was used proportionally more by high-risk individuals than the general population, both immediately after and during the second year after the World Trade Center attacks. The large proportion of fire and police personnel who sought counseling, especially after the first anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks, was especially noteworthy. In the context of disaster work (6,7), such individuals are at increased risk of developing PTSD and depression months and even years after major disasters. Increased use of counseling by uniformed personnel may also have been in response to specialized advertising campaigns in partnership with professional baseball teams that targeted male rescue workers and uniformed personnel. In the fall of 2002 the Police Organization Providing Peer Assistance was added to the list of Project Liberty providers to conduct outreach and provide service to police. It is clear that individuals in need of treatment accessed these services more than two years after the event, underscoring the need for promoting their continued availability for several years after a disaster.
In addition, these data show how specific treatment emphases could be shifted usefully to target needs of individuals at higher risk who emerge at different times after disasters. For example, grief work (8) could be initiated immediately after disasters. The healing power of mourning rituals (for example, funerals) may well augment the effectiveness of such grief interventions to expedite more rapid return to normal functioning (9). Subsequent cognitive-behavioral interventions could be targeted to help rescue workers and uniformed personnel improve their networks of social and occupational support (10). As unemployment and occupational dislocation are constant financial stressors that are associated with psychiatric impairment, counseling also could profitably be combined with provision of meaningful work experiences for unemployed and displaced workers.
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Conclusions
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After the first anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks, individuals at higher risk than the general population used proportionally more first-time counseling services. Family members who had lost loved ones accounted for the largest percentage of visits in the first month, whereas uniformed personnel used disproportionately larger percentages of services near the end of the second year. Occupationally displaced and unemployed workers sought counseling at a relatively steady rate. These patterns suggest that large-scale counseling services be made available initially, with more attenuated services available for extended time periods after disasters and amplification of services around event anniversaries. The focus of counseling might be shifted to meet emerging needs of different high-risk groups.
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Acknowledgments
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This evaluation was funded by grant FEMA-1391-DR-NY (titled "Project Liberty: Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program") to New York State from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Center for Mental Health Services of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration administered the grant.
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Footnotes
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Dr. Covell and Dr. Essock are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Division of Health Services Research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City. Ms. Donahue, Mr. Foster, and Mr. Felton are with the Center for Information Technology and Evaluation Research, New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany. Dr. Allen is with the Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs. Dr. Essock is also with the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the Bronx. Send correspondence to Dr. Essock, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1230, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574 (e-mail: susan.essock{at}mssm.edu). This report from Project Liberty is part of a special issue of Psychiatric Services commemorating the five-year anniversary of the September 11, 2001, attacks. Susan M. Essock, Ph.D., served as guest editor.
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References
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- Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H, et al: Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine 346:982–987,2002[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Felton C: Project Liberty: a public health response to New Yorkers' mental health needs arising from the World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 79:429–433,2002[Medline]
- Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Wang L: Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:1370–1376,2004[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- O'Donnell ML, Creamer M, Bryant RA, et al: Posttraumatic disorders following injury: an empirical and methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review 23:587–604,2003[CrossRef][Medline]
- Boscarino JA, Adams RE, Figley CR: Mental health service use 1-year after the World Trade Center disaster: implications for mental health care. General Hospital Psychiatry 26:346–358,2004[CrossRef][Medline]
- Davis GC, Breslau N: Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of civilian trauma and criminal violence. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 17:289–299,1994[Medline]
- Katz CL, Pellegrino L, Pandya A, et al: Research on psychiatric outcomes and interventions subsequent to disasters: a review of the literature. Psychiatry Research 110:201–217,2002[CrossRef][Medline]
- Pfefferbaum B, Call JA, Lensgraf SJ, et al: Traumatic grief in a convenience sample of victims seeking support services after a terrorist incident. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 13:19–24,2001[CrossRef][Medline]
- Lichtenthal WG, Cruess DG, Prigerson HG: A case for establishing complicated grief as a distinct mental disorder in DSM-V. Clinical Psychology Review 24:637–662,2004[CrossRef][Medline]
- Fullerton CS, McCarroll JF, Ursano RJ, et al: Psychological responses of rescue workers: fire fighters and trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62:371–378,1992[Medline]
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Abstract
Introduction
